Importance of English in the Current Job Market

Different - Essay Example Be that as it may, IBM card arranging and punch cards, which are viewed as forerunner to PC, were imagined. IBM through the German’s auxiliary followed the Jewish annihilation. In excess of 2000 machines were dispatched through Europe and Germany. Figure 1: A Dehomag Hollerith machine (Source: Black, 2001) An American designer named Vannevar Bush built up the enormous simple PC as an exact gadget than the past one of every 1930. It was a significant accomplishment in the processing scene as prior gadgets were not dependable in figuring. Claude Shannon who was an American electronic specialist, mathematician and cryptographer dealt with the â€Å"Communication in Presence of Noise† and distributed this report after 1949 because of World War II. Claude E. Shannon demonstrated the testing hypothesis dependent on the Nyquist’s results. This work was done in 1940 yet distributed after the 1949 (Normsn 2013). The Horward Aiken who thought that it was adequate for the f ulfillment of computers’ needs at first assessed six electronic advanced processing. IBM dealt with the Aiken’s forecast and came about into an advancement of IBM Stretch PCs of 1959. This improvement got important for the putting away of million numbers in the RAM as appeared in the figure. Figure 2: Length of Console (Source: Kopplin, 2002) Transformation in the PC hardware was seen during 1960s. Early PCs were in size of centralized computer and afterward shrivel into the minicomputers. Significant improvement was seen when documents were put away on the taps and got to without inclusion of any outsider. Extra highlights like little PCs, interfaces dependent on consoles, and interfaces were remembered for 1972. PCs for the individual use were critically evolved. PC Interface encouraged the movements in the new examples (Turner 2006). In 1981, IBM presented a progressively moderate PC with an easy to understand structure, and working framework having a portable scree n. The utilization of PCs has become on an across the board in the workplaces, homes, and schools. Presentation of microchips in the mid 1980s made it workable for a few fabricates to make the chips dependent on the DSP. The information signal preparing is a gadget with a local code. The DSP chips are skilled to convey the a great many tasks for each a second (Poornachandra and Sasikala 2010). In mid 1990s, the computerized world moved towards the models of the picture handling equipment by the advancement of single sheets. These sheets were perfect for the transports of market norms. The picture handling equipment contains the digitizer and equipment for essential tasks known as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The digitizer midpoints the pictures as fast as could reasonably be expected. This advancement made workable for clamor decrease. The picture handling additionally came about into the extra room with megabytes (Gonzalez and Woods, 2009). Creating of the long guidance word de sign empowered the numeric and escalated calculations. Computerized separating utilized in the preparing of various video signals decreases the clamor impacts or debasement pixels in video or pictures (Parker and Dhanani 2013). These occasions were chosen since progress in computerized processing passed through a history. History specialist of registering introduced the commitment of the principle players in fortifying of the correspondence and with regards to modern

Gender Roles in Music essays

Sex Roles in Music articles The Beastie Boys are one gathering whose depiction of gentility has changed throughout the years. In their first collections they saw ladies as items there for their pleasure so their depiction was negative. In their most recent collections they apologize for their activities and for the activities everything being equal so their depiction presently is sure. They likewise stand in opposition to the maltreatment of ladies. The video for Fight For Your Right they depict ladies as articles. At a certain point Adrock maneuvers a young lady onto a lounge chair with him and starts kissing her. Later a young lady stops before him and the camera and he both interruption on her behind. Adrock pursues that young lady and Mike D. continues to begin kissing the young lady Adrock was kissing. Later MCA is seen pursuing a young lady around the room. Mike D. additionally pursues a young lady around the room. The main time they show ladies as being astute is the point at which they are ridiculing them or tossing a pie at them. Their melody Girls truly depicts ladies adversely. They state all they truly need is young ladies. At that point they continue to determine what they like about them and it isnt how brilliant they are. Close to the finish of the tune they truly debase ladies saying, Those lines show that they think a womens place is at home cleaning and cooking. In the melody Shes Crafty they depict ladies as consistently gold diggers. They appear through the verses, she ransacked us daze - she talk all we own, that ladies will lay down with you to make sure they can take your cash and different assets. They likewise talk about her resting around and being shrewd. With a name like Hey Ladies you realize that it cannot have a positive perspective on ladies. All through the video the vast majority of the ladies are wearing swimming outfits. Mike D. is even appeared probably engaging in sexual relations with one young lady in the video. They descr ... <! Sex Roles In Music articles Sex jobs are available in each part of society. From a womens place is in the kitchen to young men dont cry, proclamations like this spin out of control all through our general public. The amusement business has likewise worked admirably in adding to these effectively present sex jobs, particularly the music business. Music has regularly had a specific method of depicting ladies, particularly rap music. Rap has regularly depicted ladies as mediocre compared to men, and much of the time, not as a human yet as an article to be gotten. Disparaging terms, for example, bitch, cultivator, and prostitute have regularly been utilized in rap verses to allude to ladies. Through their verses, you get a feeling that Many male rappers feel that experiencing passionate feelings for a lady is a shortcoming, that the more ladies that they have intercourse with the better. This player attitude is a male sexual orientation job that is introduced all through rap. A case of this player attitude can be found in a tune entitled The Player Way by Mase. The ensemble of the tune goes this way. Everything that I do be about the plunder, I be kicking up dust in my Polo boots, getting blowed on the dro taking smoke up my nose, I give the world to a lady however I dont love cultivators, Im a player child and dont you overlook it, you have to get with it, let me hit it and split it, in the bed on the floor hot tub consistently, the player way, the player way. This tune shows that the player attitude places cash s primary goal, sex second, and ladies last. As per this player mindset, men just need ladies for sex and that's it, and ladies are just here to facilitate the yearnings of a keeps an eye on sex drive. This tune additionally alludes to ladies as tools. A scraper by definition is an apparatus utilized for burrowing, and the slang definition for cultivator is a whore (Dictionary.com). The utilization of this term shows that ladies are seen as an instrument for a man to utilize at whatever point he has a sexual needing or inclination. The ... <!

Sivers on Simplicity

Sivers on Simplicity Derek Sivers embodies simplicity. You may know him from his popular TED Talks. Or you may know him as the author of Anything You Want. Or you may know him as the founder of CD Baby or from his online public musings or because of his unconventional life. And if you listen to our podcast, you know Dereks writing has helped shaped The Minimalists worldview over the years. Those unfamiliar with his work should read these short, useful articles: No “yes.” Either “HELL YEAH!” or “no.” Why I gave my company to charity Why I dont want stuff Solitary Socialite In his first public appearance in three years, Derek Sivers is going to join The Minimalists live on stage at our event in Auckland, New Zealand, on 17 March 2018. Well have a conversation about minimalism, advertisements, marketing, creativity, priorities, nomadic lifestyles, parenting, and more. What an exciting way to end to our Less Is Now Tour! You can get tickets to that event, and our six upcoming Australian events, on our tour page. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Problemas de viajar fuera de USA con visa U

Los migrantes que solicitan u obtienen la visa U por haber sido và ­ctimas de violencia y colaborar con las autoridades arriesgan su caso o su estatus si viajan fuera de los Estados Unidos. Visa U: riesgos de viajar a otro paà ­s Visa pendiente de aprobacià ³n: no aprobacià ³n de la solicitud o espera por largo tiempo fuera de EE.UU.Visa aprobada: cancelacià ³n de la visa y/o no aprobacià ³n de la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia permanente. Viajar fuera de EE.UU. cuando la solicitud està ¡ pendiente Los viajes al extranjero mientras està ¡ pendiente la tramitacià ³n de la visa U son problemà ¡ticos porque pueden causar, por un lado, la negacià ³n de la peticià ³n y, por otro, que el solicitante deba esperar por largo tiempo fuera de EE.UU. antes de que se le autorice regresar. Negacià ³n del caso Puede darse por dos circunstancias. En primer lugar, el solicitante de la visa U se compromete, como requisito de la visa, a colaborar con las autoridades para resolver un delito o condenar a un criminal. Para ello debe comunicar siempre al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) todos sus cambios de domicilio. Ademà ¡s, si se diera el caso de que se le solicita colaboracià ³n mientras està ¡ en el extranjero, no podrà ­a cumplir con su obligacià ³n, con lo que USCIS podrà ­a negar la peticià ³n. Por otro lado, USCIS podrà ­a considerar un viaje de placer al extranjero por parte del solicitante de la visa como que està ¡ en contradiccià ³n con alegaciones que se pueden haber hecho cuando se solicità ³ recibir este beneficio migratorio, como pueden ser severos daà ±os fà ­sicos o psà ­quicos a consecuencia del delito sufrido. Larga espera fuera de EE.UU. El solicitante de la visa U que viaja fuera de EE.UU. mientras la tramitacià ³n està ¡ pendiente no podrà ¡ regresar a Estados Unidos hasta que USCIS apruebe su caso y envà ­e la documentacià ³n al consulado correspondiente para tramitar la visa. Este proceso puede demorarse meses e, incluso, aà ±os. La à ºnica excepcià ³n es cuando el solicitante tiene otra visa và ¡lida por ejemplo, una de estudiante. Otra opcià ³n para evitar la espera serà ­a estar en condiciones de solicitar con à ©xito otra visa para regresar a EE.UU., pero en este caso hay que tener en consideracià ³n que si se estuvo en situacià ³n de presencia ilegal en EE.UU. las posibilidades se reducen y, en el caso de que la situacià ³n de ilegalidad fuera superior a 180 dà ­as, se producirà ­a el castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os.  ¿Se puede pedir un permiso para viajar conocido como advance parole? Como regla general, los solicitantes de la visa U que està ¡ pendiente de su tramitacià ³n no pueden pedir ese permiso para viajar conocido como advance parole. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son los migrantes que, al mismo tiempo, està ¡n tramitando un ajuste de estatus. En estos casos sà ­ podrà ­an hacerlo mediante la presentacià ³n del formulario I-131 y pagando la correspondiente tarifa de $575. Ademà ¡s, dependiendo de la edad del solicitante es posible que deba pagarse adicionalmente $85 para la toma de datos biomà ©tricos. Riesgos de viajar fuera de EE.UU. con la visa U ya aprobada La obligacià ³n del migrante de colaborar con las autoridades para el esclarecimiento del crimen y la condena de los culpables continà ºa incluyo mà ¡s allà ¡ de la aprobacià ³n de la visa U. Por lo tanto, el migrante no puede pasar fuera de EE.UU. cantidades de tiempo que impidan el cumplimiento de esta obligacià ³n, ya que la visa le podrà ­a ser rescindida. Por otra parte, pasar mucho tiempo fuera de EE.UU. podrà ­a poner en peligro su derecho a solicitar mediante un ajuste de estatus la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Para adquirir la residencia se exige, entre otros requisitos, que el migrante con la visa U tenga tres aà ±os de presencia continua en Estados Unidos. Se considera que no se cumple este requisito en cualquiera de las dos circunstancias siguientes: se ha pasado mà ¡s de 90 dà ­as corridos fuera de EE.UU.En esos tres aà ±os se ha pasado un total de mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as de EE.UU. Viajes dentro de EE.UU. Se puede viajar sin restricciones dentro de los 50 estados que conforman Estados Unidos y tambià ©n a sus territorios como, por ejemplo, Puerto Rico. Los titulares de la visa U pueden solicitar un Real I.D. para embargar en vuelos domà ©sticos. Cada estado tiene jurisdiccià ³n para establecer sus propios requisitos pero, por regla general, piden a estos migrantes que muestren su documento I-94, registro de entrada y de salida, el cual puede imprimirse directamente de la pà ¡gina oficial de CBP. Estos Real I.D. està ¡n marcados como temporales, ya que son solo và ¡lidos mientras el migrante conserve su presencia legal en el paà ­s. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is named...

The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is named for the brightly colored spikes that coat the legs. A. planci can grow up to 16 inches across and can have between 12 and 19 legs. The spikes coating A. planci hold poison that can cause temporary paralysis at the sting site and can also cause nausea in humans. A. planci can also regrow arms. At the end of each of the arms is an eyespot that can detect light and darkness, but can not detect color and shape (Fisher 2011). A. planci preys on coral and a single starfish can eat up to 10 sq. meters of coral each year. A. planci kills approximately 161 sq. cm. per day in the winter and 357-478 sq. cm. per day in the summer. In order to eat the coral, A. planci pulls its stomach out†¦show more content†¦The small shrimp, Hymenocera picta, is a general predator of all starfish and has been found to prey on A. planci at some locations. Pherecardia striata can only attack damaged A. planci and cause its death. Therefore, P. striata is regarded as a scavenger rather than as a predator. A. planci attracts many other scavengers who are able to tolerate A. planci’s horrible taste for the chance at a food source (Fisher 2011). There is increasing evidence in numerous scientific studies that show that widespread marine species can be highly structured genetically and may speciate very quickly. Genetic differentiation of populations in the Indian and the Pacific Oceans has been reported for coco nut crabs (Lavery et al. 1996), the starfish Linckia laevigata (Williams and Benzie 1997), butterfly fish (McMillan and Palumbi 1995), damsel fish (Lacson and Clark 1995), and the mangrove Avicennia marina (Duke et al. 1998). Despite the evidence of high gene flow within the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, this still holds true. This suggests that there is high dispersal over large areas. However, there is limited dispersal between zones. Contrary to the aforementioned data about other species, there is little genetic divergence of sibling species of sea urchins (Echinometra spp.) in the Pacific Ocean. This suggests recent speciation, but it also suggests rapid dispersal after speciation (Palumbi 1994). These discrepancies of results show that there is a need to

British Empire Free Essays

The British Empire Structure introduction British Empire Introduction to British imperialism Timeline explanations from Empire to Commonwealth Questions to class Sources 1. The British Empire The phrase, â€Å"the Empire on which the sun never sets†, has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory in daylight. The British Empire was the largest colonial empire in history. We will write a custom essay sample on British Empire or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Britain were two empires, one of them was called â€Å"First Empire† (1607-1776) and the other was called the â€Å"Victorian Empire†. It’s ending was in 1931,when it turned into the â€Å"British Commonwealth of Nations†. The making of the EmpireIn the 16th century a fight between Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, France and England began. They all wanted the commercial and navel supremacy around the American continent. And after the ending of this struggle, England became the most important country. England had some important advantages, e. g. it has a very good position as an island. Moreover it had along tradition as a seafaring nation and had a very modern war fleet. The reason why England wanted to get colonies was very simple: England thought the colonies would give its raw materials and it could sell its manufactured products, e. g. cotton, wheat, tea, oil or beef. But before England was able to start that it had a lot to do. First the colonies had to be discovered, there were two important explorers, John Cabot: Newfoundland (1497) and Captain James Cook: Australia and New Zealand (1770). After the discovery of the colonies, England established trading posts. The most important companies were the â€Å"East India Company†, which had been found in 1600 and the â€Å"Virginia Company† founded in 1606. England was able to establish more colonies in the following 150 years. Later many people immigrated to North America, e. g. Puritans, Catholics and various sects. They thought they wouldn’t be persecuted for their faith. The First Empire (1607-1776) The First British Empire consisted of conquered colonies in wars with France (Canada ; e. g. Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay territory) and with Spain (West India; e. . Jamaica, the Bahamas, the Bermudas and Gibraltar in Europe). The people who lived in the colonies, lived in three kinds of territories that were politically disunited. – The New England Colonies: Territory around Boston; mostly strict Protestants from England – The Middle Colonies : centred around New York, there lived all kinds of European immigrants – The Southern Colonies : mainly settle d by merchants. England’s rise to world power happened during the 7 year war (1758-1763). France lost all its possessions to England. But the end of the First British Empire came 20 years later. After the War of American Independence (1775-1783) England lost the American colonies. Though England wanted to establish a new Empire and therefore it expanded the colonies in Canada and West India. Consequently it could enlarge its trading with this and other colonies. The Seven Years’ War was a world war that took place between 1754 and 1763. It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. The war was driven by the antagonism between Great Britain and the Bourbons , resulting from overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires, and by the antagonism between the Hohenzollerns (in Prussia) and Habsburgs (Holy Roman Emperors and archdukes in Austria), resulting from territorial and hegemonial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire. Overall, about 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died. The Victorian Empire But in order to get a new empire, England had to expand the colonies in West India, India and Canada. It needs the raw materials to dominate the world market. And in order to do that, England exploit and murdered the conquered olonies. England protected the sea way to get important islands, like Gibraltar and Malta. This sea way via protected St. Helena, the Cape Colony and the Cape of Good Hope. In the 19th century England enlarged its Empire within a century to such a big Empire, that more than a third of Africa, the whole Indian subcontinent and the 5th continent be long to it. And here are some important colonies of the B. E. : Cape Colony(1795), Malta(1800), Australia(1813), Singapore(1819), New Zealand(1839), Hong Kong(1841), Nigeria(1873), Suez Canal(1875), Rhodesia(1890) 2. Introduction to British imperialism: The time of the Victorian Empire trongest industrial power in the world largest colonial power owned about one-fifth of the Earth had colonies in every continent strongest naval power 3. Explanations John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the mainland of North America. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. Sir Francis Drake,Vice Admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver and politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. The Thirteen Colonies were the British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). The thirteen colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Each colony developed its own system of self-government. Residents of these colonies were mostly independent farmers, who owned their own land and voted for their local and provincial government. 4. From Empire to Commonwealth The people who lived in the colonies wanted to get independent. They demanded for self- government and they disagreed with British rules and reforms in India. After many rebellions the former crown colonies, which were internal and external dependent from the mother country developed into self- governing colonies. They had the internal sovereignty. And at least they were dominions. That means they are completely independent. But they accept the Queen as head of the state. The first dominion colonies were Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Ireland. After the 2nd World War all colonies, which had belonged to the B. E. have become Independent. In 1931 the Statue of Westminster became the charter of the Dominions. Now the B. E. was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations. And in 1951 the word â€Å"British† was dropped in â€Å"C. o. N. † 5. Questions to class Why do you think Britain want to create such a big empire? What reasons are acceptable for wanting an empire? British rules Egypt British forces occupied Egypt in 1882. Although the British government intended the military occupation to be brief, Britain became ever more involved in Egyptian affairs. Between 1883 and 1885 British troops attempted to crush a rebellion in Sudan that threatened Egypt’s control of the upper Nile and the Red Sea coast. The British exerted increasing control over Egypt’s government. Their consul general, Sir Evelyn Baring (known after 1892 as Lord Cromer), undertook to reform the country’s finances and to restore public order. His success in reforming finances restored European confidence in Egypt’s economy How to cite British Empire, Papers

Tesco Management Principles

Questions: Task 1 Briefly explain:manager, management and organisation.Assess the significance of managers in achieving organisational success for a company of your own choice.Task 2 Analyse how size and strategy of a company can affect its organisational structure? Support your answer with relevant examples.Task 3 Scenario: Tesco has said it will close 43 unprofitable stores across the UK, The firm is also shelving plans to open a further 49 new "very large" stores.Additionally, Tesco is closing its staff pension scheme, will make cuts of 250m and reduce overheads by 30%. Shares in Tesco rose by more than 13% on Thursday, as investors welcomed the company's announcements. It comes after two years of troubles at Tesco, which has suffered falling sales, in another development, credit rating agency Moody's downgraded Tesco's rating by one notch to Ba1, equivalent to "junk" status. (BBC, 2015)Questionsa) Discuss Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy.b) Suggest and explain the process thatcan help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy for the year 2015.c) What do you understand by the term organisational culture?Can Tesco improveits performance by changing its culture? Discuss. Answer: Introduction: The project focuses on the management, the management principles and the requirement of management in an Organization. It analyses the role of manager in an organization. How a management is responsible to make an Organization reach its desired goal. The definition of management states that it is about people who builds a design for an organization and decides how the various aspect of an organization will interact. Task 1 Manager: Manager refers to the person who takes the responsibility of directing and planning for a group of individuals, and monitors their task using the remedial measures when required. It is one of the initial tasks in management (Reviews, 2013). Managers may instruct the employees directly or may manage supervisors who instruct the workers. One must be familiar with the nature of work of all groups he/ she supervises but does not need to be the best in any or all of the areas (Daft and Marcic, 2014). It is more important for the manager to know how to manage the workers than to know how to do their task well. Management The association and synchronization of business activities in order to achieve a defined objective is known as management. It is often considered as one of the significant factor for production along with capital, labor and land. Innovation and marketing is the bread and butter of management (Griffin, 2012). The origin of management started when enterprises confronted certain failures while operation. Controlling, directing, planning, organizing and creating policy are a part of management. Organization: An organization is an association or entity, which has combined goal and is connected to its peripheral environment. In order to meet their need and pursue their collective goals, it is important for an organization to manage their activities (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Every organization has a structure that establishes the relationships between the members and their activities and assigns and subdivides authority responsibility and roles to carry out various functions. It is a form of open system and is affected by their surroundings. Significance of a manager in standard Chartered Bank: It is a UK base multinational company in financial service and banking, operating in treasury service, institutional banking, corporate banking and customer service. It is almost 150 years old and its headquarters are in London. Being one of the largest banks in UK, it is regulated by the Authority of Financial Contact and Authority of Prudential Regulation (Sc.com, 2015). There are certain significant roles that a manager should perform in order to achieve an Organizations goal. They are: A manager encourages innovation: A manager facilitates expansion Manager tries to improve the life of workers He is the medium between organization and people A manager keeps maintains the image of an organization A manager motivates the company employees A manager leads the team of operation A manager motivates his employees and leads them so that they could be more productive and contribute to the profitability of the company (Daft and Marcic, 2014). In Standard Chartered, a manager leads his team to obtain his daily target. He ensures whether there is any issue between the employees and the bank. He applies innovative strategies to attract customers. Task 2: An Organizational Structure refers to the system which an organization follows that states the role of each individual (Aquinas, 2008). It explains how activities like supervision, coordination and task allocation are instructed for achieving the targets of an organization. While deciding on the effective design and structure of an organization, the size of the organization makes an impact. Depending on the organizational size, the organizational structure is formed (Hill and Jones, 2013). The organizational Size affects the organizations structure in many ways, they are: 1. The size affects the specialization of work. The size or the number of people in an organization determines the subdivision of jobs. The more number to jobs in a company the ore number of skilled people are required (Hodson and Sullivan, 2011). In a company with less than 20 employees the number of job roles will be few in compared to big organizations where there will be more number of job profiles and the number of employees working would also be more. For example in a bank like Standard chartered there are many designations like branch manager, executive officer, officer, assistant officer, junior officer trainees, regional manager, finance manager, Hr manager etc. But in a small company they might not have posts like junior officer, regional manager etc. 2. According to the size of an organization departments are divided According to the size, a company divides its departments which states how various jobs will be grouped. A high degree of division in departments are done in large organizations where as less departments are requires in a small organization . In large organization departmentalization is a necessary criterion so that the workforce may have a clear understanding about their task. Suppose in a small retail store the number of department will be less and in a large retail store there will be many departments where the number of people would also be more. 3. The size determined the formalization. Formalization of an organization determines the extent to which the organizations are regulated. It also states the degree of maintaining regulations and rules among its workers. Hence this shows like an organization well established with a good number of employees would require a higher degree of regulations than an organization of minimum size. The strategies of a company affect the organizational structure in many ways. The organizational goals are obtained from the strategies of an organization. Thus it states that the structure of an organization and the strategies are close connected. For example, if a company attempts to apply strategy for expansion then it would a flexible structure. If the organizations management takes innovative decision for adopting new strategy then there will be a sheer need for modifying the organizational structure. Organizations like General Motors, Tesco, Sainsbury and various private manufacturing industries follow a flexible structure due to new strategies adopted for growth and sustenance. Task 3: An aspirational view which indicates the future prospect of a company about where it aims to reach is known as Vision. It creates a standard for the expectations of a company. Tesco is an organization which is very much depended on its employees and customers. The strategic decisions and gaols of the organization are driven by its vision (Witcher and Chau, 2010). There are five elements in the vision of Tesco; they are (Tescocorp.com, 2015): Tesco wants to be known for its need and want among the customer. Tesco aims to grow its business with ample of opportunities. Application of innovative and modern ideas, Acquiring the loyalty and trust of customers through staff service. The mission of Tesco is: To shift from being a top force not only in AMSS company but also to rig full upholding of the company To enhance from Customer Departmental Store Service Company to a broad base, full offering tubular service enterprise. To shift their focus from product sales enterprise to a full-fledged company of mechanization products. Corporate Strategy of TESCO: Customer Loyalty: they have a system of club card which ensures their customer loyalty. It is widely operated in countries like Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, UK and Ireland. This system calculates the points that a customer earns while buying a certain amount of products from the store (Tesco.com, 2015). Products: Tesco concentrates on providing good quality of products and always tries to satisfy their customer with the product. Stores: Tesco tries to develop their existing stores and invests on them so that customer feels a sense of refreshment very time they visit. This kind of strategy increases the frequency of visit for the customers. Customer Service: they intend to provide first class customer service in order to get good feedback. They focus more on after sale service for customer retention. Process that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy Tesco can increase its customer loyalty by many ways, some of them are: Employee motivation: with the help of schemes that can provide employee benefits apart from pension can motivate the employees to work better. Though pension schemes provides securities to worker, incentives can be introduces which would increase the productivity of employees. To show their gratitude in innovative way: It must be done so that customer feels elated as a buyer of Tesco products. In retail chains it is very important to increase the number of customers and to satisfy their present customers. So in order to do so they need to assure that each customer is valued with a sense of gratification. To acquire information on existing customers: there should be a record keeping system for customers like Customer database with the help of which the managers will be able to understand the needs and demands of their customers. To keep in touch with the customers: in order to maintain a good relationship with the customers it is essential to keep in touch via various mediums like telephone call, text message and similar types. This makes the customer feel special and part of the organization. Sometimes this king of maintaining relations attracts others who are not a customer of the company. To provide customers services more than their expectations: a company like Tesco needs to identify what more does the customer expects from Tesco and tries to make things upto their expectation. Like recently Tesco has made an app for the customers so that they could continue buying and get more facilities with the help of this application. Provide as much information as they can to their customers: the customer has the right to know information about the products they are going to buy and it would be more advantageous to them if Tesco can not only educate their customers but also provide more information than required. This strategy helps to increase the customers interest. b) Organizational Culture: A process of shared beliefs, values and cultures that controls the behaviour of the people of an organization is known as Organizational culture (Clegg and Hardy, 2012). The beliefs and values that are shared have influence over the Organizations people and guide them on their performance, their appearance and their jobs (Keyton, 2011). The vision mission and the values of an organization influence its culture (Cameron and Quinn, 2011). With the help of its strategies Tesco can improve its organizational culture. Like, one of its missions is to increase its customer loyalty, in order to increase the customer loyalty an organization needs to be more customer oriented and have a friendly environment all around. Hence the employees behaviour is influenced by the vision of Tesco. By changing the atmosphere like technological advancement, use of Information technology and many other technologies it can change the organizational culture and thus it would conclude in productivity increase. Conclusion For every Organization, the management and people are the most important factor and in order to run the organization successfully both management and people has to work efficiently. Today along with other factors of production the Information technology also plays a key role. Today along with manpower technology runs hand in hand. The organizational People should be prepared to adopt cultural technical and organizational changes. Even management seeks for innovation and applies various strategies. References Aquinas, P. (2008).Organization Structure and Design: Applications and Challenges. Excel Books, p.538. Cameron, K. and Quinn, R. (2011).Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Clegg, S. and Hardy, C. (2012).Studying organization. London: SAGE Publ. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2014).Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Griffin, R. (2012).Management. 11th ed. Cengage Learning, p.720. Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G. (2011).Organizational Behavior. 10th ed. Cengage Learning, p.608. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2013).Strategic management. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Hodson, R. and Sullivan, T. (2011).The Social Organization of Work. 5th ed. Cengage Learning, p.528. Keyton, J. (2011).Communication and Organizational Culture. SAGE Publications, p.215. Reviews, C. (2013).Studyguide for organizational behavior. [S.l.]: Cram101 Incorporated. Sc.com, (2015).About Us - Standard Chartered Bank United Kingdom. [online] Available at: https://www.sc.com/uk/about-us/index.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Tesco.com, (2015).Corporate strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/investorInformation/report97/review/page1.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Tescocorp.com, (2015).Vision, Mission and Values. [online] Available at: https://www.tescocorp.com/bins/content_page.asp?cid=4-1167 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Witcher, B. and Chau, V. (2010).Strategic management. Andover: Cengage.

What Should Agencies Want in Terms of Good Service an Example by

What Should Agencies Want in Terms of Good Service and Benefit Delivery Centralized Service-Delivery Systems This kind of delivery boasts its organization because there is a leader directing the staff (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 148 149). The problem, however is that since there is a leader, decision-making is sometimes time-consuming because of the fact that everything has to be passed on to a higher executive level before making a move (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 148 149). Client-Centered Management and Inverted Hierarcy Service-Delivery Systems Need essay sample on "What Should Agencies Want in Terms of Good Service and Benefit Delivery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The objective of this one is very good since it follows a certain structure however the people working for this kind of delivery are usually given only a small amount in terms of financial reward thats why they are often absent and unsatisfied, which in turn affect the delivery of service (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 149 150). Federated Service-Delivery Organizations This kind of delivery system is made up of two or more organizations aiming to work together to provide service to others (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 150 151). They divide or delegate the tasks needed to be carried out to serve others (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 150 151). Case Management Service-Delivery Systems This delivery system leaves the whole responsibility to the case manager who in turn will be the one to check if the needs of clients/consumers are met (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 151 153). Staffing with Indigenous Workers as a Service-Delivery Strategy This kind of delivery service is advantageous for those whose social problems need to be addressed for instance Alcoholics Anonymous (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 153 155). They are experts on these kinds or problems (Chambers et. al., 2004, pp. 153 155). Program Consumer/Beneficiary, Client Controlled Organizations as a Service-Delivery Strategy This type does not have any money or funds to consistently run such delivery service but it makes sure that its beneficiaries, for instance, the poor will get what is due to them as mandated by the law (Chambers et. al., 2004, p. 156). Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Agencies as a Service-Delivery Strategy This kind of delivery system is beneficial to those who belong to racial, ethnic, and religious groups since this kind of service is focused on such (Chambers et. al., 2004, p. 156). Privatized Service Delivery A privatized service delivery, on the other hand, establishes a healthy competition within the industry because delivery of services may be handled with greater expertise that may bring in higher quality services at a more economical cost (Chambers et. al., 2004, p. 160). Good Service and Benefit Delivery After comparing and contrasting the types of delivery systems discussed in Chapter 7, what then should agencies want in terms of good service and benefit delivery you may ask? First of all, the service should be delivered in a manner that is integrated and continuous (Chambers et. al., 2004, p. 161 - 169). Second, the service should be made available to clients and beneficiaries, for instance, it should be easily reached by people otherwise delivery of such service is useless actions and decisions it carried out related to the service provided; for instance, if the service they deliver is related to abuse, if something happened then the service provider should be held accountable and they should be willing to do answer such problems (Chambers et. al., 2004, p. 161 - 169). Reference Chambers, D. E. & Wedel, K.R. (2004). Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst. London: Allyn & Bacon.

History of the European Union †Government (200 Level Course)

History of the European Union – Government (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers History of the European Union Government (200 Level Course) The European Union consists of 15 member states and from 2004 on there will be most probably 25-member states. But how were the beginnings and why was it founded. The EU had its beginnings in the economic sector but the integration of Europe was a main aim as well. Through the experience of two world wars it was clear that the European states had to develop a kind of connection between each other that was so intensive and interconnected that the conflicts of the future would be solved with peaceful measures. Six main motivations for the European Integration: 1. Peace keeping 2. Belonging to a special system of values 3. Increasing of the economic prosperity 4. More influence in foreign and security policy 5. More success in solving European wide problems 6. Strengthening of the national economy So in September 1946 Winston Churchill suggested in his well-known speech of Zà ¼rich an intergovernmental solution with a European court of justice. Also several new international institutions were founded to help regulate relationships between states on political and economic level for example the United Nations (Oct. 1945), international monetary fund (1945) and the General Agreement on Traffics and Trade (1948). In the Hague in May 1948 there were general agreements for closer relationships and a federal state of Europe or a closer union. Which lead to the building of the â€Å"Council of Europe† in May 1949 In 1950 a new treaty was founded, the so called â€Å"Shuman Plan† which was created to control the production of coal and steel in Western Germany and France, but in the end it was signed by six countries and so as additional partners were also included Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and Holland. The treaty came in to effect in 1951 and is known as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC/Europische Gemeinschaft fà ¼rKohle und Stahl). With this step a common market was established which was completely new, because the states who signed the treaty were surrendering a substantial proportion of their national sovereignty to the new created supranational institution. In 1955 the Benelux states made a proposal at the conference of Messina, which was lead by the Belgium foreign minister Paul Henri Spaak, to work together and combine on the nuclear energy sector also there were proposals for customs union (Zollunion). So they created a commission, which worked the details for the customs union and an Organisation for the development and using of nuclear energy out. Based on this it came to the treaty of Rom in 1957, it included the European Economic Community (EEC/Europische Wirtschafts Gemeinschaft) and a European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC/Euratom). Both treaties came in to force from the 1st of January in 1958. The EEC was a huge success and exceeded all expectations (à ¼bertraf alle Erwartungen), it made the EEC one of the most important Trade partners in the world, it lead to an growth of the GDP in Union states of 21,5% in the years of 1958-1962 also the industrial production grew about 37% in the same time. In the 1960s the integration process slowed down, because of the nuclear balance between USA and USSR the conflict lost its integrative effect, and national interests were more important and lead to doubts about the nessecarity of more integration steps. For example there were trials to change the decision-making process in the council of ministers from unanimous to the majority principle in 1966, but the French government was against it. Also in 1965 there were suggestions for a new financial system in agriculture but France has blocked it with so called â€Å"empty chair policy† (what means they withdrew all there Ministers from the council for over half a year). So it ended in the way that the principle of unanimous decision-making continued de facto. The stagnation ended with the early 70s in 1972 new members joined the EEC: Great Britain, Ireland and Denmark only Norway’s people said no to the integration through a referendum. Afterwards in the end of the 70s negotiations about the integration of Greece, Spain and Portugal started, not only for economic reasons, moreover to stabilise the democracy in these countries. In January 1981 Greece joined the EU followed by Spain and Portugal in January 1986. The next step was to create the â€Å"Single European Act (SEA/Einheitliche Europische Akte)† to give the European states an economic impulse to stop the European economy from falling behind the USA and Japan. So the main aim of the SEA was the internal market program (Binnenmarkt) with its four freedoms that were free traffic and exchange of 1. Goods 2. Persons 3. Service 4. Money Also the policy of the integration was stretched, new was development- and technological policy, the ecological policy and economic and currency as well as work protection and social policy. For further integration and an increased deepening, two intergovernmental conferences led to a monetary and political union in 1992 in the treaty of Maastricht which came to effect in end of 1993. The next treaty was in Amsterdam in 1997, which concerned the asylum in the EU the outbordercontrols etc. Finally I want to mention the treaty of Nice that aimed the foreign and security policy in the union and a list of basic and human rights in the EU. Research Papers on History of the European Union - Government (200 Level Course)Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Definition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBringing Democracy to Africa

The global business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The global business environment - Essay Example Counterfeit products are being increasingly traded along different parts of the globe with special relevance to regions like Asia and China and also pertaining to Middle East countries thereby reflecting a global concern (OECD, 2008, p.66). Issues Learnt The rise of counterfeit activities across the retail paradigm especially related to premium or luxury category commodities creates an issue of real concern. Emergence of counterfeit activities on such a large scale causes not only the decline in the sales of the original commodity but also tends to reduce the value of the original brand. These commodities being hard to identify relating to the fakeness involved are openly traded along different regions thereby affecting the market share and brand equity gained of the original premium priced commodities. Moreover the emergence of purchase and sales activity of luxury retail products along the online paradigm like eBay enhances the concern of luxury retail groups like LMVH. This compan y had been broadly affected owing to the sales of pirated commodities carrying its brand name through the online sales network. Owing to the above reason the retail and other consumer goods companies are facing loss of brand value that is being seized by the growing potency of the counterfeit market emerging around the globe (Kapferer, 2012, p.467-468). However further research shows that the rise in the counterfeit market for luxury retail goods in the global scenario happens to enhance the opportunity to further innovate and create. Opportunity arising from the emerging threat in the luxury retail scenario is thus contributing to the development of enhanced competition in the global paradigm. The luxury retailers are now being made bound to further think of adding value to the products produced and traded and also in the paradigm of communication through green washing activities related to advertising. Such endeavors are being taken to sustain their place in the competitive market (Lin, 2011, p.27-28). Three Unexpected Facts Research made pertaining to the rise in the global counterfeit market establishes some unexpected facts that can be represented as follows. Firstly the growth of the counterfeit market is found to be fuelled by the factors like recessionary market and economic trends coupled with the development of electronic commerce activities. The slump in the economic and market situation leads the developing market zones like Africa and China to become the hub centers for trading of counterfeit goods in an increased fashion. These commodities being traded on a virtual paradigm further enhances the global threat emanating from such. Secondly the absence of effective intellectual property legislations further contributes in the development of trade of counterfeit products along emerging markets, revenue earned from which is used for funding terrorist and criminal operations (Mueller, 2011, p.37-38). Thirdly the government bodies of emerging economies like China are found to encourage the growth of such counterfeit product markets. Local Chinese manufacturers in a market deprived of intellectual property and other legislations related to curbing criminal acts are increasingly producing counterfeit products. The government body argues that creation of such local production units contributes in job creation and revenue enhancement (Conklin, 2010, p.267). Discussion

Why Steve Jobs was not a leader Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why Steve Jobs was not a leader - Article Example In this case, Jobs did not want to take the personal risk of trusting his staff, and he monitored their every move in the workplace in order to ensure that there were no chances of failure. For Steve Jobs, personal achievements governed the leadership approach that he used. Unlike billionaires like Bill Gates who contribute to numerous charities, Jobs did not have a history of contributing to any charity. In effect, this implies that Jobs looked down on his followers. In addition, Jobs is described as a man who would take credit of other people’s ideas, obsessively controlling, and a tyrant (Williams). This description does not fit a leader who is sensitive to his followers. Finally, Steve Jobs extolled some other behavior that does not qualify him to be an outstanding leader. In this regard, Williams noted that Jobs denied his first daughter paternity in order for his daughter to live on welfare, which is despite his billionaire status. In effect, this indicates that Steve Jobs did not value people more than he valued his money. Simply put, Jobs did not value any other thing in life, but the drive to see his profits and company’s portfolio grow guided his operations, which are not characteristics of an exemplary

Ethics and Corruption in Cycling

Ethics and Corruption in Cycling Ethics in Sport- The Case of Cycling Introduction The Higher Moral and Ethical Ground Conclusion Bibliography Introduction As one of the world’s more demanding sports, cycling extracts as well as expects a maximum performance from its professional participants. It pits them directly against the world’s best in the sport on almost every outing, thus creating a field of competition whereby they are judged, and rated in almost every outing against the leading stars. Unlike other team sports whereby one’s performance is measured, and or gauged against those of a like skill or position, cycling does not provide this cushion or hedge. One’s performance comes under direct scrutiny each, and every outing with time sheet comparisons to indicate one’s standing, be it the mountain climbing segment, sprints, or overall balanced performance through a stage or Tour. The demands of strength, endurance, intestinal fortitude, and mental stamina that is spread in most cases over days, and in the case of the Tour de France, weeks, creates an atmosphere of pressure to perform that is unkno wn in any other type of professional sport. Dr. Alejandro Lucia (Cheung, 2003), a world recognized authority in the physiology of professional cycling, has stated that the training as well as discipline required to participate exact a high mental toll that is also a factor of the high stress of physical conditioning as well as genetics. As would be expected, each country with major participants in professional cycling has its own cycling federation, however, the Union Europà ©enne de Cyclisme, European Cycling Union, is the confederation that oversees the Union Cycliste Internationale, International Cycling Union, which is the professional organization that oversees professional cycling events globally (UEC, 2007). This organization has the responsibility for the issuance of licenses to professional cyclists, along with the enforcement of rules and regulations, which in this instance includes doping (UCI, 2007a). The professional cycling devisions that the the UCI oversees are road cycling events, track, mountain bike, cyclo- cross, BMX, Trials, indoor cycling, and para-cycling (UCI, 2007a). The International Cycling Union is a non-profit-making organization that was founded on 14 April 1900, and is headquartered in Aigle, Switzerland (UCI, 2007b). The organization’s aims represent: The regulation of professional cycling on the international level, The promotion of cycling internationally, in every country as well as at all levels, The organization of professional cycling World Championships for all cycling divisions, The encouragement as well as maintenance of friendly and professional relationships between all cycling divisions, The promotion of sporting ethics as well as fair play, The representation of professional cycling along with the defence of its interests internationally, And the collaboration with the International Olympic Committee concerning cycling events held in the Olympics (UCI, 2007b). It is item 5. the promotion of sporting ethics as well as fair play, along with morals that represents the focus of this examination. And in keeping with such, the International Cycling Union has adopted a ‘Code of Ethics’ that defines and specifies the conduct of action, and rules governing all professional cycling events (UCI, 2007c). It specifies that all executive, management, administrative, cyclists, and other individuals and associations in any way affiliated as well as coming under the aegis of the International Cycling Union must adhere to said ‘Code of Ethics (UCI, 2007c). It sets forth that on a daily basis, all participants must comply with the rules of the ‘Code of Ethics’ with respect to (UCI, 2007c): human dignity, principles of nondiscrimmination concerning race, gender, ethic origin, gender, philosophical as well as political opinions, religion, marital staus, or any other forms of discrimination for whatever reason, the principle of nonviolence in any form as well as the exerting of any type of pressure, and or harassment by any means, specify physical, professional, mental, and sexual, the maintenance of integrity, to hold the priority of the best interests of the sport on a daily basis, to hold the priority of the interests of the sport as well as its athletes regarding financial interests, to protect the environment, to maintain neurality in political issues, and Olympism. Within this ‘Code’ it is required that all parties uphold the principles as well as interests of professional cycling as well as refraining from any behaviour that might jeopardize the sport, and or the reputation of the UCI (UCI, 2007c). Within this framework is the important concept of ‘integrity’, which means â€Å"the firm adherance to a code of †¦ moral or artistic values †¦ (Interactive Playground, 2007). The preceding is specially inportant in the context of this examination as it focuses on the ‘ethical and moral questions’ of drug use in the sport. Integrity represents a skill that is learned over time (Interactive Playground, 2007). As a part of the UCI ‘Code of Ethics’, integrity, under Article 4, is stated as the fact that all parties associated with the UCI shall therefore refrain from the asking for, acceptance of, and or proposal, either directly or indirectly, that any payment as well as commission, along with any advantages and or services of any type that has not been agreed to or authorized by the UCI shall not be undertaken (UCI, 2007c). Furthermore, under inetgrity it also states that when any type of offers of the aforementioned variety are made, that the UCI be so informed (UCI, 2007c). Said conditions under integrity, Article 5, go on to add that parties as covered under their association with the UCI can only accept symbolic gifts that are bestowed in the spirit of freindship as a matter of local custom, and that any other types of gifts are to be forwarded to the UCI (UCI, 2007c). The ‘Code’ goes on to cover such fields as ‘Conflict of Interests’, and Confidentiality’ in laying out specific terms of conduct (UCI, 2007c). In keeping with the foregoing, the UCI has established an ‘Ethics Commission’, that has been granted authority in the following areas (UCI, 2007c): to oversee and ensure that all facets of the ‘Code’ are respected, to field and receive complaints with regard to any infringement to the ‘Code’, to provide advice as well as assistance concerning ethical matters in all phases of the ‘Code’, to provide advice on the avoidance as well as resolution of conflicts of interests, to recommend sanctions as a result of offences against the ‘Code’, to set forth measures for the application and adherence to the ‘Code’, and to put forth proposals recommending programmes to teach and advise on ethics. The foregoing represents an extremely important facet in this discussion in that the UCI has taken an active stance in the areas of ethics, and morals, as defined by integrity. The foregoing represents a critical aspect in the examination of breaches, and scandals that have befallen the sport of cycling that have made the news recently, particularly in the instance of the most recent winner of the Tour de France. The Consequences of Individual Actions As indicated in the UCI’s ‘Code of Ethics’ as well as by the actions taken by this organization as far back as the 1960s when an article representing doping was introduced into the organization’s rules, drugs have been a key consideration in ensuring that a level as well as trustworthy representation of the sport was, and is a part of its operation (UCI, 2007d). The preceding focus was further enhanced by the following subsequent rules, and regulations (UCI, 2007d: in 1966 a similar article, on doping as referred to in 1960, was added to the UCI Technical Guide, in 1967, the UCI published its first list representing substances that were prohibited, in 1967 the UCI put into motion the first sanctions taken against riders that refused to undergo testing, 1967 represented the publishing of the first Medical Control Rules, which were the forerunner to the Anti-doping Rules The above historical understanding of the stance, and active programmes of the UCI is important in the context of recent events on doping in the sport of cycling. This examination shall cover the most noteworthy of these types of events, noting that doping issues have been a part of individual athlete rule broaching since the 1960’s (UCI, 2007d). The Tour de France represents professional cycling’s most premier, and prestigious event. It’s â€Å"†¦scale and social and cultural significance demands the academic attention that it has not always received †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 1). Covering in excess of 4,000 kilometres throughout France, and a few neighbouring countries, millions of on-hand spectators as well as hundreds of millions across the globe via television, and other forms of media follow the event. First conducted in 1903, the Tour has been held as a pinnacle of sporting fairness that shows athletes at their best over three weeks of grueling competition through mountains, and flat stages that average around 150 plus kilometres per day (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 228). Waddington (1998, p. 161) advises â€Å"†¦that a good Tour takes one year off your life, and when you finish in a bad state, they reckon three years†¦ You cant describe to a normal person how tired you fee l†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . They add that â€Å"†¦fatigue starts to kick in on the Tour after ten days if youre in good shape, and after five days if youre not in your best condition physically† (Waddington, 1998, p. 161). Waddington (1998, p. 161) adds that â€Å"Then, it all just gets worse and worse, you dont sleep so much, so you dont recover as well from the days racing, so you go into your reserves, you get more knackered, so you sleep less†¦ Its simply a vicious circle†. Robert Millar, a Scottish cycling professional who rode in the Tour, goes on to state that â€Å"It takes two weeks to recover from a good Tour, three months to recover from a bad one† (Waddington, 1998, p. 161). This event is being utilized in the context of this examination as a result of the intense competition between riders to look good on the world stage in cycling’s biggest event. The preceding translates into the fact that the â€Å"†¦Tour de France cannot avoid seeing an increase in the demands on competitors with the ever-growing importance of television, whose systematic coverage of every stage has also brought in, on top of the necessary battle for the stage win, the necessary battle for permanent presence in front of the TV cameras, therefore making races ever faster† (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 229). They add that there is a â€Å"†¦ long-standing presence of doping in the Tour brings us back to the excessive nature of the race† (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 229). The first instance of doping in the Tour de France occurred in 1924 as a result of the confessions of the Pelissier brothers who admitted using â€Å"†¦cocaine for the eyes, thats chl oroform for the gums† † (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 230). The next significant doping issue occurred in 1955 when Tour riders Jean Mallejac, Ferdi Kubler and Charly Gaul† admitted to taking substances (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 229-230). Doping issues were subsequently repeated in † (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 230): 1966 representing the first year in which â€Å"†¦-doping tests were carried out in the Tour de France †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 230). In 1975 the first rider tested positive for doping, In 1977 another incident was uncovered, In 1980, there was another issue of a rider testing positive for drugs. But, the most noted example came in 1998 when the winner of the Tour, Marco Pantini tested positive in a subsequent race called the Tour of Italy in 1999 (Appleyard, 2006). In 2000, Frenchman Richard Virengue, a celebrated rider in the Tour, admitted to using drugs during a Festina trial (Dauncey and Hare, 2003, p. 232), with the biggest scandal taking place in 2006 when major Tour riders Jan Ullrich, a winner of the Tour in 1997, and Ivan Basso where forced to withdraw from the event (Leicester, 2006). But, for the first time in the history of the Tour de France in 2006, the winner was later declared ineligible and stripped of his title after testing positively for drugs (Bagratuni, 2006). Subsequent testing after the Tour was completed found that Landis tested positive for the 17th stage to Morzine that he won in what has been termed â€Å"†¦ spectacular fashion after a long ride over 130 kilometres †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that included â€Å"†¦ three major alpine peaks† ( Bagratuni, 2006). The discovery wound up causing the cancellation of a later racing event in the Netherlands as well as Denmark, and set off an international furor over doping that had been building for years (cbc.ca, 2006a). The scandals brought back to the forefront past cycling scandals, as a result of the magnitude of the 2006 Tour winner being stripped of his crown. A lot of journalists stated that the 1998 scandals nearly killed the Tour’s integrity as well as value when an employee of the Festina team was arrested with a carload of â€Å"†¦ performance enhancing drugs †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that included one called erythropoietin (EOP), which is â€Å"†¦ a hormone that helps the blood carry more oxygen †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which thus lets riders carry on longer as well as faster (cbc.ca, 2006a). That incident lead to the arrest of six members of the Festina cycling team, out of nine utilized in the Tour, who admitted to the use of drugs that aided in their performance, along with the leader of the Credit Agricole team Christophe Moreau, who later in that same year â€Å"†¦ tested positive for anabolic steroids† (cbc.ca, 2006a). The litany continues with the following incidents as well as allegations (cbc.ca, 2006a): 2002 saw Stefano Garzelli, the â€Å"†¦ leader of the Vini Caldirola team †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (cbc.ca, 2006) tested positive for probenecid. The preceding is a diuretic that is often used to mask the presence of other drugs. 2003 saw Igor Gonzalez, a Spanish cyclist, being banned from the Tour de France after he tested positive for an anti-asthma. 2004 saw the police in France seize EPO, amphetamines as well as male hormones, and the arrest to Cofidis team cyclists. Lance Armstrong, the most celebrated Tour winner was accused of doping allegations, and later cleared. The preceding has damaged the reputation, and sporting fairness of cycling, and represents a long list of doping scandals that have also rocked other sports. The spectacular performances of the 1970s, and 80s East German swimming teams saw a large number of stellar performers later come down with negative health and side effects â€Å"†¦such as liver cancer, organ damage, psychological defects, hormonal changes and infertility †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that called into question that they might have taken performance enhancing drugs (cbc.ca, 2006b). Kornelia Ender, the winner of four gold and the silver gold medals during the 1972, and 76 Olympics revealed she had been taking drug injections since she was 13 (cbc.ca, 2006b). Her situation mirrors that of other East German swimmers Barbara Krause, four gold and silver medals, Carola Nitschke, and others (cbc.ca, 2006b). Incidents of doping scandals hit the 1983 Pam Am Games that was held in Caracas, Venezula, U.S. Track and Field, professio nal baseball and football in the United States, and a host of other sports (cbc.ca, 2007a). The pressures to perform in all manner of sports is clear, and in the case of professional cycling has been particularly damaging owing to the international nature of the sport. The Higher Moral and Ethical Ground The preceding examples as well as histories of cycling, and other scandals have left the sport in a serious state of affairs. These events, and created a situation that has put â€Å",,, cycling at a fork in the road† (Case and Sachs, 2006). The failure of Floyd Landis to pass drug tests after winning the Tour de France resulted in the disbanding of the entire team as sponsors canceled their contracts (Abt, 2006). Gibbs (2000, p. 4) opens up a broad range of considerations in the case of ethics that takes into account that it, ethics, brings with it the responsibility for others. He states that ethics also takes into account that â€Å"We also are responsible for each other in a mutual way when justice requires us to become present, one-to-another† (Gibbs, 2000. p. 4). A situation that is made even more the case in cycling as a team is built to promote one rider, and when that rider or members of the team fails, the entire team suffers. The case of the collapse of Floyd Landis’ team after the 2006 Tour scandal is evidence of this point. Gibbs (2000, p. 4) stated the foregoing above, which in a team sport such as cycling makes such a bind more important. He adds that â€Å"†¦we are bound asymmetrically to each other, and ethical mutuality is possible only because of that excess of responsibility† (Gibbs, 2000. p. 4). And add that such represents a community whereby the actions of one affect the standings of others. As a community, cycling represents a prime example of the foregoing. Mottram (2003, p. 52) brings forth an interesting proposition that â€Å"The motivating factors for drug misuse do not necessarily lie in the hands of the athlete†. He (Mottram, 2003, p. 52) points to a number of studies whereby â€Å"†¦the majority of athletes, coaches, medical practitioners and others involved in sport do not favour the use of performance-enhancing drugs†. There is an ‘however’ he states, which represents that â€Å"†¦these results may reflect the respondents ethical and moral attitudes to the problem, but in practice the pressures of competition may compel them to take a more pragmatic approach to drug taking† (Mottram, 2003, p. 52). Gibbs (2000, p. 4) adds to the foregoing in stating that â€Å"†¦ethics are the will, conscious intentions, deliberate choices, or the perfection of an individual rational life†. Sports, and in this instance cycling, embody rules of fair play, ethics, and other value systems that the public idealizes, and seeks to believe in a world of uncertainty, corporate, and political corruption. Fans, and more importantly children, tend to view winning athletes as role models, thus when that trust is shattered it damages not just the individual, but the sport as a whole. Dauncey and Hare (2003, p. 182) describe this as â€Å"The spectators ethical analysis of the conduct of their favorite riders is arguably more complex than that of the Tour organizers (limited to the rules of the race) or that of the French state (limited to French law and Republican values towards sport) or that of cycle sports international ruling bodies such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)†. Conclusion Ethics is a concept, ideal, and principle that is rooted in moral philosophy. Plato’s dialogues delves into the question â€Å"†¦of the subjectivity or objectivity of morality provides the focus for the earliest complete works of philosophy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Graham, 2004, p. 1). Our belief, and use of moral values represents an evolution of the human spirit that is traced back to Plato, and his teacher Socrates. They held that â€Å"†¦ there is a radical difference between the world of facts, and the world of values, between physis and nomos to use the Greek words, the difference being that when it comes to matters of value, the concepts of true and false have no meaningful application† (Graham, 2004. p. 1). Thus, Graham (2004, p. 1) holds that â€Å"By implication, then, in ethics there is no scope for proof and demonstration as there is in science and mathematics; ethical argument is a matter of rhetoric, which is to say, of persuading people to believe what you believe rather than proving to them that the beliefs you hold are true†. Rist (2001. p. 1) states that there is a core concern in ethics that is â€Å"†¦widely admitted to be a crisis in contemporary Western debate about ethical foundations†. He tells us that we are members of a larger community and that what binds us together in a livable society is the belief, and practice of ethics as a matter of trust (Rist, 2001. p. 205). He (Rist, 2001. p. 119) brings up the foundational principle of â€Å"†¦the problem of the relation between fairness and justice (in what circumstances and by what criteria should people be treated equally†, and that rules are seemingly needed if fairness as well as rights â€Å"†¦ are to be enforced†. He continues that ethics refers to the good life for humans as a whole, and that morality â€Å"†¦is limited to what we are told we ought, or more probably what we ought not to do† (Rist, 2001, p. 120). Hare (1997, p. 1) tells us that ethics can also be termed as a moral philosophy whereby it represents the point that â€Å"†¦philosophers come closest to practical issues in morals and politics†. Outka and Reeder (1993, p. 29) advise that the idea representing moral philosophy is and has been central to the history of philosophy and figures prominently with regard to â€Å"†¦recent moral, legal, and political thought and action†. They bring forth the interesting proposition that â€Å"†¦there is agreement on very general principles †¦ (of morality) †¦ such as the Golden Rule, and disagreement over more specific precepts, or that there is agreement over general moral ends and disagreement over particular means or purely factual considerations†. Morality represents the concept of does and don’ts, and that the â€Å"†¦mark of a civilized society is that its members share this concept, for only because they have it do civilized people acknowledge that human conduct everywhere is properly judged by standards accessible to members of societies other than their own, whose opinions they are not entitled to ignore† (Outka and Reeder, 1993, p. 29). The preceding is central to this discussion of the ethical, and moral questions of drug use in cycling. The ‘Code of Ethics’ as defined by the International Cycling Union has nine key points, representing (UCI, 2007c): human dignity, principles of nondiscrimmination concerning race, gender, ethic origin, gender, philosophical as well as political opinions, religion, marital staus or any other forms of discrimination for whatever reason, the principle of nonviolence in any form, as well as the exerting of any type of pressure and or harassment by any meas, specify phyical, professional, mental and sexual, the maintenance of integrity, to hold the priority of the best interests of the sport on a daily basis, to hold the priority of the interests of the sport as well as its athletes regarding financial interests, to protec the environment, to maintain neurality in political issues, and Olympism. The foregoing harkens back to Gibbs’ (2004, p. 4) statement that we are â€Å"†¦responsible for each other in a mutual way when justice requires us to become present, one-to-another†. He adds that â€Å"†¦we are bound asymmetrically to each other, and ethical mutuality is possible only because of that excess of responsibility†. That sense of community represents what the International Cycling Union is, and thus the highly damaging effects of individual actions to the whole. As the overall governing body of cycling, the International Cycling Union seeks to make these principles a reality, however, it has failed to manifest these into the consciousness of some of its members, which represents a real source for concern. It, the taking of drugs, has been stated by the International Olympic Committee in the following manner (Mottram, 2003, p. 52-53): â€Å"†¦ the use of doping agents in sport is both unhealthy and contrary to the ethics of sport, †¦it is necessary to protect the physical and spiritual health of athletes, the values of fair play and of competition, the integrity and unity of sport, and the rights of those who take part in it at whatever level†. It, drug use, represents a condition that â€Å"†¦is contrary to the very principles upon which sport is based† (Mottram, 2003, p. 53). Dubin (1990) states that â€Å"Sport is considered as character building, teaching the virtues of dedication, perseverance, endurance and self-discipline†. He adds the important observations that â€Å"sport helps us to learn from defeat as much as from victory, and team sports foster a spirit of co-operation and interdependence†¦import(ing) something of moral and social values and†¦integrating us as individuals, to bring about a healthy, integrated society drug abuse would have no place in sport† (Dubin, 1990). Thus, the question, in light of the preceding examples of drug use, is why so many athletes have resorted to cheating†, and â€Å"Why are the rules that govern sport often regarded as obstacles to be overcome or circumvented rather than as regulations designed to create equality of competitive opport unity and to define the parameters of the sport?† (Dubin, 1990). The unfair advantage of the use of drugs in sport lessens the outcome, and masks the potential of those who have superior abilities that are hidden by cheaters. It reduces the concept of sport itself, which is defined as â€Å"an activity, pastime, and competition †¦ â€Å" (Allwords.com, 2007). The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA, 2007) states â€Å"The spirit of sport means competing fairly and performing to the best of your abilitythe pursuit of excellence with honor†. The international implications of doping in sport has drawn the attention of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2005) which drafted doping in sports, whereby it stated that â€Å"†¦ sport should play an important role in the protection of health, in moral, cultural and physical education and in promoting international understanding and peace†. The preceding is a broader application of the meaning and purpose of sport than addressed in this examination, but nevertheless is an important facet in the understanding of the attention and implications of sport in our lives, as stated by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA, 2007). Such higher ideals were and are behind the International Cycling Union’s ‘Code of Ethics’, and the personal as well as individual responsibility of each and every person as well as organization affiliated or associated with it. Loland (2002, p. 143) advises that â₠¬Å"†¦fair play is commonly understood as a set of norms for rule conformity and justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He continues that (Loland, 2002, p. 144): Fairness, represents when â€Å"Parties voluntarily engaged in sport competitions ought to act in accordance with the shared ethos of the competitions if this ethos is just†. And that fair play provides for an equal platform of rules, regulations, methodologies and systems whereby â€Å"†¦competitors are given equal opportunity to perform by eliminating or compensating for significant inequalities that the competitors cannot influence in any significant way and for which they cannot be held responsible†. Loland (2002, p. 144) states that unless there is fair play, then the performance of athletes is not based upon talent, but some hidden advantages that corrupt the outcome and prompts inequality. The use of substances to enhance sport’s performance represents an issue that is as old as sport itself (Mottram, 2003. p. 307). Fair play is the operative concept behind the rules and regulations of the International Cycling Union, and is the ethical and moral foundation. The efforts of the ICU, as put forth by McNamee and Parry (1998) is that â€Å"†¦ the moral structure of sport in terms of an implicit social contract (and thus to offer a rationale for why we should condemn cheating and so forth) needs further careful exploration through studies of both the history of sport and the contract tradition†. Midgley (1974. p. 143) continues that â€Å"the social contract is just one sort of analogy for underlying moral structures that seem to bind societies together, as a co nceptual tool used by the prophets of the Enlightenment to derive political obligation from below rather than from above†. Fairness and justice go to the root of modern civilization as the basis for order, and cooperation. Hare (1970. p. 179) argues that it is â€Å"†¦our duty to obey the rule always keep your promises is simply part of a game (the institution of promising, in this case), and that we could just as easily decide not to play, in which case the duty would disappear†. He concludes that â€Å"For unless one accepts this principle, one is not a subscribing member of the institution which it constitutes, and therefore cannot be compelled logically to accept the institutional facts which it generates.† (Hare, 1970. p. 179). The preceding are the principles and reasons for the existence of the International Cycling Union and its binding ‘Code of Ethics’ on its members. It is the duty of these members to uphold and adhere to the principles of this ‘Code’ as it represents the foundation for public trust and belief in the fact that the outcome of competitions reflects honest and accurate performances. The ‘Play the Game Conference’ held on 10 November 2005 issued a declaration that best sums up that reasons for fairness, honest, integrity, morals and ethics in sport (Pro Cycling News, 2005). It calls for the organizing bodies within sports to: Ensure that corruption, is eliminated from sports, And that the integrity of sports management is upheld by maintaining ethical behaviour, Through a demonstration of commitments to counter corruption. Corruption in sport represents any activity that changes the outcome from what it would have been if everyone adhered to the rules. It thus then provides the public with a true recording of performances in an arena they can trust and believe in. The pressures to perform mean little if such is aided by unfair advantages that skew results, thus it is the duty of the monitoring organization to enforce the rules as strictly as possible to minimize cheating, as well as to administer strong drug testing. The community of cycling is larger than the athletes and members of the International Cycling Union. It includes every spectator that has and will ever watch the sport. In light of the recent and numerous scandals, much needs to be done to re-establish a platform of trust that the public can look ate and believe that the ills of the past, are in fact in the past. Such will restore cycling to its former prominence, and help to further bound the community of athletes and fans to fair play, e thics and morality. Bibliography Abt, S. (2006) Cycling: Shunned by sponsors, Landis’ team dies. 15 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2007 from http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/15/sports/bike.php Allwords.com (2007) sport. Retrieved on 18 April 2007 from http://www.allwords.com/query.php?SearchType=3Keyword=sportgoquery=Find+it!Language=ENG Appleyard, B. (2006) Drugs and Debauchery. 3 July 2006. Vol. 135. New Statesman Bagratuni, J. (2006) Tour winner Floyd Landis tests positive in latest cycling shock. 27 July 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2006 from

Government and Politics - Time to Stop Lying Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Time to Stop Lying A great number of young adults have lost interest in the political system of this country. It is really quite simple- the power structure is not working in our favor, we see no great future achievements in legislation or politics, and we would much rather put our energies towards more fulfilling ends. The nature of politics in this country has progressed to a corrupt web of lies and deception that clearly favors the white male who spends his life working nine to five and has given his voice, his freedom, his manhood over to his government. Â   Those of us who refuse to succumb to this lifestyle find ourselves constantly battling to maintain even a base level standard of living. We have not chosen to close our eyes to the social conditions that surround us, and we have not chosen to be pretentious suburbians living life in a bubble of our own creation, fooling ourselves into believing that words and legislative acts will solve the many problems of these times. Â   We do not have much faith in the legislative system in America. We study our history, and realize that nothing has really changed, despite numerous amendments, acts, and programs. We find these to be simple attempts to pacify the masses in a scheme of the largest proportions to launder our riches and our wealth. Â   You ask why we do not vote or participate actively in politics. I ask why should we choose betwee... ...ve us some skills to enter into this rat race you have started. Give us computers, teach us to use them, and help us in our individual pursuits. Stop sucking us dry with taxes and fees, and give us financial assistance to start our independent pursuits. Repay the descendants of slaves and repay the Native Americans. Find some justice for the people of this country. Educate us on truth and the world. Don't shut us in a box, ignorant of the world community, perpetrating white supremacy and western "democracy." Give us something worthwhile to vote for and we might start showing up at the polls. Don't be afraid to admit the wrongs of the past and present; that is the only way to grow and move into the future. Â  

Energy from Peanut and Pea

Energy from Peanut and Pea Shawn lam 28/10/2011 Hypothesis I think that the peanut will release more Energy, as it is has more oil which will generate more energy. While the pea does not have as much oil as the peanut, so the pea will make less energy. Variables Independent variable: Pea, Peanut Dependent variable: Temperature Controlled variable: Beaker volume, Bunsen burner Equipment Beaker, water, Bunsen burner, pea, peanut, thermometer, toothpick (holding food), heat tile, grabber Procedure 1. First get equipment 2. Setup equipment 3.Put water in beaker, then grab with a grabber 4. Burn peanut/ pea with toothpick 5. Put the food under beaker 6. Record Temperature Result Table 1: Looking at the first table, the amount of water added to the beaker was 20ml. There were 4 trials for each food, except for the pea. Type of Food| Heat ( °C)| | Trial| Average| | 1| 2| 3| 4| | Peanut| 20| 35| 50| 59| 41| Pea| 8. 5| 5| 31|   | 14. 83333| Discussion This Experiment wasn’t really successful, as there weren’t 4 trials for the pea. Also some Peanuts/Pea were much bigger than other, next time I will try to choose the sizes more carefully next time.The peanut had a large range of temperature, this tells us either the thermometer is broken or the test was not conducted well. Maybe, the Pea could be changed with another food, as it frequently run out of energy in the middle of a test. Which caused the problem of recording its temprature. Next time maybe there should be better lighter, so that there wouldn’t be a problem with burning the food. There could be less people disturbing experiment, so that more results could be recorded. For example, when people talk, the sound wave blows out the fire. All of this results that the informaion, wasn’t really accurate. ConclusionAs you could see the peanuts average Temperature was higher then the pea, as the pea has less oil then the peanut. The amount of oil on the Peanut is far greater, as resulting m ore energy released from the peanut. While on the other hand, the Pea has less oil which was shown as there was less energy. This shows that the Peanut have at least 3 times more energy then the Pea. Further study Does more oil cause more energy released? â€Å"YES† it does. More oil will help to relese more energy, this is shown as today, many cars rely on oil to run. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peanut#Peanut_oil http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pea

Binary Tree - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4587 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Binary Trees Page: 1 Binary Trees by Nick Parlante This article introduces the basic concepts of binary trees, and then works through a series of practice problems with solution code in C/C++ and Java. Binary trees have an elegant recursive pointer structure, so they are a good way to learn recursive pointer algorithms. Contents Section 1. Binary Tree Structure a quick introduction to binary trees and the code that operates on them Section 2. Binary Tree Problems practice problems in increasing order of difficulty Section 3. C Solutions solution code to the problems for C and C++ programmers Section 4. Java versions how binary trees work in Java, with solution code Stanford CS Education Library #110 This is article #110 in the Stanford CS Education Library. This and other free CS materials are available at the library (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/). That people seeking education should have the opportunity to find it. This article may be used, reproduced, excerpt ed, or sold so long as this paragraph is clearly reproduced. Copyright 2000-2001, Nick Parlante, nick. [emailprotected] stanford. edu. Related CSLibrary Articles Linked List Problems (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/105/) a large collection of linked list problems using various pointer techniques (while this binary tree article concentrates on recursion) Pointer and Memory (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/102/) basic concepts of pointers and memory The Great Tree-List Problem (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/109/) a great pointer recursion problem that uses both trees and lists Section 1 Introduction To Binary Trees A binary tree is made of nodes, where each node contains a left pointer, a right pointer, and a data element. The root pointer points to the topmost node in the tree. The left and right pointers recursively point to smaller subtrees on either side. A null pointer represents a binary tree with no elements the empty tree. The formal recursive definition is: a bi nary tree is either empty (represented by a null pointer), or is made of a single node, where the left and right pointers (recursive definition ahead) each point to a binary tree. ttp://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 2 A binary search tree (BST) or ordered binary tree is a type of binary tree where the nodes are arranged in order: for each node, all elements in its left subtree are less-or-equal to the node (). The tree shown above is a binary search tree the root node is a 5, and its left subtree nodes (1, 3, 4) are 5. Recursively, each of the subtrees must also obey the binary search tree constraint: in the (1, 3, 4) subtree, the 3 is the root, the 1 3. Watch out for the exact wording in the problems a binary search tree is different from a binary tree. The nodes at the bottom edge of the tree have empty subtrees and are called leaf nodes (1, 4, 6) while the others are internal nodes (3, 5, 9). Binary Search Tree Niche Basically, binary sea rch trees are fast at insert and lookup. The next section presents the code for these two algorithms. On average, a binary search tree algorithm can locate a node in an N node tree in order lg(N) time (log base 2). Therefore, binary search trees are good for dictionary problems where the code inserts and looks up information indexed by some key. The lg(N) behavior is the average case its possible for a particular tree to be much slower depending on its shape. Strategy Some of the problems in this article use plain binary trees, and some use binary search trees. In any case, the problems concentrate on the combination of pointers and recursion. (See the articles linked above for pointer articles that do not emphasize recursion. ) For each problem, there are two things to understand The node/pointer structure that makes up the tree and the code that manipulates it The algorithm, typically recursive, that iterates over the tree When thinking about a binary tree problem, its ofte n a good idea to draw a few little trees to think about the various cases. https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 3 Typical Binary Tree Code in C/C++ As an introduction, well look at the code for the two most basic binary search tree operations lookup() and insert(). The code here works for C or C++. Java programers can read the discussion here, and then look at the Java versions in Section 4. In C or C++, the binary tree is built with a node type like this struct node { int data; struct node* left; struct node* right; } Lookup() Given a binary search tree and a target value, search the tree to see if it contains the target. The basic pattern of the lookup() code occurs in many recursive tree algorithms: deal with the base case where the tree is empty, deal with the current node, and then use recursion to deal with the subtrees. If the tree is a binary search tree, there is often some sort of less-than test on the node to decide if the recu rsion should go left or right. /* Given a binary tree, return true if a node with the target data is found in the tree. Recurs down the tree, chooses the left or right branch by comparing the target to each node. */ static int lookup(struct node* node, int target) { // 1. Base case == empty tree // in that case, the target is not found so return false if (node == NULL) { return(false); } else { // 2. ee if found here if (target == node-;data) return(true); else { // 3. otherwise recur down the correct subtree if (target ; node-;data) return(lookup(node-;left, target)); else return(lookup(node-;right, target)); } } } The lookup() algorithm could be written as a while-loop that iterates down the tree. Our version uses recursion to help prepare you for the problems below that require recursion. Pointer Changing Code There is a common problem with pointer intensive code: what if a function needs to change one of the pointer parameters passed to it? For example, the insert() function below may want to change the root pointer. In C and C++, one solution uses pointers-to-pointers (aka reference parameters). Thats a fine technique, but here we will use the simpler technique that a function that wishes to change a pointer passed to it will return the new value of the pointer to the caller. The caller is responsible for using the new value. Suppose we have a change() function https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 4 that may change the the root, then a call to change() will look like this / suppose the variable root points to the tree root = change(root); We take the value returned by change(), and use it as the new value for root. This construct is a little awkward, but it avoids using reference parameters which confuse some C and C++ programmers, and Java does not have reference parameters at all. This allows us to focus on the recursion instead of the pointer mechanics. (For lots of problems that use reference parameters, see CS Library #105, Linked List Problems, https://cslibrary. stanford. du/105/). Insert() Insert() given a binary search tree and a number, insert a new node with the given number into the tree in the correct place. The insert() code is similar to lookup(), but with the complication that it modifies the tree structure. As described above, insert() returns the new tree pointer to use to its caller. Calling insert() with the number 5 on this tree 2 / 1 10 returns the tree 2 / 1 / 5 The solution shown here introduces a newNode() helper function that builds a single node. The base-case/recursion structure is similar to the structure in lookup() each call checks for the NULL case, looks at the node at hand, and then recurs down the left or right subtree if needed. /* Helper function that allocates a new node with the given data and NULL left and right pointers. */ struct node* NewNode(int data) { struct node* node = new(struct node); // new is like malloc node-data = data; node-left = NUL L; node-right = NULL; return(node); } 10 /* Give a binary search tree and a number, inserts a new node with the given number in the correct place in the tree. Returns the new root pointer which the caller should then use (the standard trick to avoid using reference parameters). */ struct node* insert(struct node* node, int data) { https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 5 // 1. If the tree is empty, return a new, single node if (node == NULL) { return(newNode(data)); } else { // 2. Otherwise, recur down the tree if (data data) node-left = insert(node-left, data); else node-right = insert(node-right, data); return(node); // return the (unchanged) node pointer } } The shape of a binary tree depends very much on the order that the nodes are inserted. In particular, if the nodes are inserted in increasing order (1, 2, 3, 4), the tree nodes just grow to the right leading to a linked list shape where all the left pointers are NULL. A similar thing happens if the nodes are inserted in decreasing order (4, 3, 2, 1). The linked list shape defeats the lg(N) performance. We will not address that issue here, instead focusing on pointers and recursion. Section 2 Binary Tree Problems Here are 14 binary tree problems in increasing order of difficulty. Some of the problems operate on binary search trees (aka ordered binary trees) while others work on plain binary trees with no special ordering. The next section, Section 3, shows the solution code in C/C++. Section 4 gives the background and solution code in Java. The basic structure and recursion of the solution code is the same in both languages the differences are superficial. Reading about a data structure is a fine introduction, but at some point the only way to learn is to actually try to solve some problems starting with a blank sheet of paper. To get the most out of these problems, you should at least attempt to solve them before looking at the solution. Even if your sol ution is not quite right, you will be building up the right skills. With any pointer-based code, its a good idea to make memory drawings of a a few simple cases to see how the algorithm should work. 1. build123() This is a very basic problem with a little pointer manipulation. (You can skip this problem if you are already comfortable with pointers. ) Write code that builds the following little 1-2-3 binary search tree 2 / 1 3 Write the code in three different ways a: by calling newNode() three times, and using three pointer variables b: by calling newNode() three times, and using only one pointer variable c: by calling insert() three times passing it the root pointer to build up the tree (In Java, write a build123() method that operates on the receiver to change it to be the 1-2-3 tree with the given coding constraints. See Section 4. ) struct node* build123() { 2. size() https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 6 This problem demonstrates simple binary tree traversal. Given a binary tree, count the number of nodes in the tree. int size(struct node* node) { 3. maxDepth() Given a binary tree, compute its maxDepth the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node. The maxDepth of the empty tree is 0, the maxDepth of the tree on the first page is 3. int maxDepth(struct node* node) { 4. minValue() Given a non-empty binary search tree (an ordered binary tree), return the minimum data value found in that tree. Note that it is not necessary to search the entire tree. A maxValue() function is structurally very similar to this function. This can be solved with recursion or with a simple while loop. int minValue(struct node* node) { 5. printTree() Given a binary search tree (aka an ordered binary tree), iterate over the nodes to print them out in increasing order. So the tree 4 / 2 / 1 3 5 Produces the output 1 2 3 4 5. This is known as an inorder traversal of the tree. Hint: For each node, the strategy is: recur left, print the node data, recur right. void printTree(struct node* node) { 6. printPostorder() Given a binary tree, print out the nodes of the tree according to a bottom-up postorder traversal both subtrees of a node are printed out completely before the node itself is printed, and each left subtree is printed before the right subtree. So the tree 4 / 2 / 1 3 5 Produces the output 1 3 2 5 4. The description is complex, but the code is simple. This is the sort of bottom-up traversal that would be used, for example, to evaluate an expression tree where a node is an operation like + and its subtrees are, recursively, the two subexpressions for the +. https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 7 void printPostorder(struct node* node) { . hasPathSum() Well define a root-to-leaf path to be a sequence of nodes in a tree starting with the root node and proceeding downward to a leaf (a node with no children). Well say that an em pty tree contains no root-to-leaf paths. So for example, the following tree has exactly four root-to-leaf paths: 5 / 4 / 11 / 7 2 8 / 13 4 1 Root-to-leaf paths: path 1: 5 4 11 7 path 2: 5 4 11 2 path 3: 5 8 13 path 4: 5 8 4 1 For this problem, we will be concerned with the sum of the values of such a path for example, the sum of the values on the 5-4-11-7 path is 5 + 4 + 11 + 7 = 27. Given a binary tree and a sum, return true if the tree has a root-to-leaf path such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given sum. Return false if no such path can be found. (Thanks to Owen Astrachan for suggesting this problem. ) int hasPathSum(struct node* node, int sum) { 8. printPaths() Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths as defined above. This problem is a little harder than it looks, since the path so far needs to be communicated between the recursive calls. Hint: In C, C++, and Java, probably the best solution is to create a recursive helper fun ction printPathsRecur(node, int path[], int pathLen), where the path array communicates the sequence of nodes that led up to the current call. Alternately, the problem may be solved bottom-up, with each node returning its list of paths. This strategy works quite nicely in Lisp, since it can exploit the built in list and mapping primitives. (Thanks to Matthias Felleisen for suggesting this problem. ) Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths, one per line. void printPaths(struct node* node) { . mirror() Change a tree so that the roles of the left and right pointers are swapped at every node. So the tree 4 / 2 5 / https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 8 1 3 is changed to 4 / 5 2 / 3 1 The solution is short, but very recursive. As it happens, this can be accomplished without changing the root node pointer, so the return-the-new-root construct is not necessary. Alternately, if you do not want to change the tree nodes, you may const ruct and return a new mirror tree based on the original tree. void mirror(struct node* node) { 10. doubleTree() For each node in a binary search tree, create a new duplicate node, and insert the duplicate as the left child of the original node. The resulting tree should still be a binary search tree. So the tree 2 / 1 3 is changed to 2 / 2 3 / / 1 3 / 1 As with the previous problem, this can be accomplished without changing the root node pointer. void doubleTree(struct node* node) { 11. sameTree() Given two binary trees, return true if they are structurally identical they are made of nodes with the same values arranged in the same way. (Thanks to Julie Zelenski for suggesting this problem. int sameTree(struct node* a, struct node* b) { 12. countTrees() This is not a binary tree programming problem in the ordinary sense its more of a math/combinatorics recursion problem that happens to use binary trees. (Thanks to Jerry Cain for suggesting this problem. ) Suppose you are buildin g an N node binary search tree with the values 1.. N. How many structurally different binary search trees are there that store those values? Write a recursive function that, given the number of distinct values, computes the number of structurally unique binary search trees that store those values. For example, https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 9 countTrees(4) should return 14, since there are 14 structurally unique binary search trees that store 1, 2, 3, and 4. The base case is easy, and the recursion is short but dense. Your code should not construct any actual trees; its just a counting problem. int countTrees(int numKeys) { Binary Search Tree Checking (for problems 13 and 14) This background is used by the next two problems: Given a plain binary tree, examine the tree to determine if it meets the requirement to be a binary search tree. To be a binary search tree, for every node, all of the nodes in its left tree must be the node. Con sider the following four examples a. 2 5 / 7 - TRUE b. 6 5 / 7 - FALSE, because the 6 is not ok to the left of the 5 c. 5 - TRUE / 2 7 / 1 d. 5 - FALSE, the 6 is ok with the 2, but the 6 is not ok with the 5 / 2 7 / 1 6 For the first two cases, the right answer can be seen just by comparing each node to the two nodes immediately below it. However, the fourth case shows how checking the BST quality may depend on nodes which are several layers apart the 5 and the 6 in that case. 3 isBST() version 1 Suppose you have helper functions minValue() and maxValue() that return the min or max int value from a non-empty tree (see problem 3 above). Write an isBST() function that returns true if a tree is a binary search tree and false otherwise. Use the helper functions, and dont forget to check every node in the tree. Its ok if your solution is not very efficient. (Thanks to Owen Astrachan for the idea of having this problem, and comparing it to problem 14) Returns true if a binary tree is a binary search tree. int isBST(struct node* node) { 4. isBST() version 2 https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 10 Version 1 above runs slowly since it traverses over some parts of the tree many times. A better solution looks at each node only once. The trick is to write a utility helper function isBSTRecur(struct node* node, int min, int max) that traverses down the tree keeping track of the narrowing min and max allowed values as it goes, looking at each node only once. The initial values for min and max should be INT_MIN and INT_MAX they narrow from there. * Returns true if the given tree is a binary search tree (efficient version). */ int isBST2(struct node* node) { return(isBSTRecur(node, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)); } /* Returns true if the given tree is a BST and its values are = min and left = lChild; root-right= rChild; return(root); } // call newNode() three times, and use only one local variable struct node* build123b() { struct node* root = ne wNode(2); root-left = newNode(1); root-right = newNode(3); return(root); } https://cslibrary. stanford. du/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 11 /* Build 123 by calling insert() three times. Note that the 2 must be inserted first. */ struct node* build123c() { struct node* root = NULL; root = insert(root, 2); root = insert(root, 1); root = insert(root, 3); return(root); } 2. size() Solution (C/C++) /* Compute the number of nodes in a tree. */ int size(struct node* node) { if (node==NULL) { return(0); } else { return(size(node-left) + 1 + size(node-right)); } } 3. maxDepth() Solution (C/C++) * Compute the maxDepth of a tree the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node. */ int maxDepth(struct node* node) { if (node==NULL) { return(0); } else { // compute the depth of each subtree int lDepth = maxDepth(node-left); int rDepth = maxDepth(node-right); // use the larger one if (lDepth rDepth) return(lDepth+1); else return(rDepth+1); } } 4. minValue() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a non-empty binary search tree, return the minimum data value found in that tree. https://cslibrary. stanford. du/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 12 Note that the entire tree does not need to be searched. */ int minValue(struct node* node) { struct node* current = node; // loop down to find the leftmost leaf while (current-left ! = NULL) { current = current-left; } return(current-data); } 5. printTree() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary search tree, print out its data elements in increasing sorted order. */ void printTree(struct node* node) { if (node == NULL) return; printTree(node-left); printf(%d , node-data); printTree(node-right); } . printPostorder() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary tree, print its nodes according to the bottom-up postorder traversal. */ void printPostorder(struct node* node) { if (node == NULL) return; // first recur on both subtrees printTree(node-left); printTree(node-right); // then deal with the nod e printf(%d , node-data); } 7. hasPathSum() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a tree and a sum, return true if there is a path from the root down to a leaf, such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given sum. ttp://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 13 Strategy: subtract the node value from the sum when recurring down, and check to see if the sum is 0 when you run out of tree. */ int hasPathSum(struct node* node, int sum) { // return true if we run out of tree and sum==0 if (node == NULL) { return(sum == 0); } else { // otherwise check both subtrees int subSum = sum node-data; return(hasPathSum(node-left, subSum) || hasPathSum(node-right, subSum)); } } . printPaths() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths, one per line. Uses a recursive helper to do the work. */ void printPaths(struct node* node) { int path[1000]; printPathsRecur(node, path, 0); } /* Recursive helper function given a node, and an array containing the path from the root node up to but not including this node, print out all the root-leaf paths. / void printPathsRecur(struct node* node, int path[], int pathLen) { if (node==NULL) return; // append this node to the path array path[pathLen] = node-data; pathLen++; // its a leaf, so print the path that led to here if (node-left==NULL node-right==NULL) { printArray(path, pathLen); } else { // otherwise try both subtrees printPathsRecur(node-left, path, pathLen); printPathsRecur(node-right, path, pathLen); } } // Utility that prints out an array on a line. oid printArray(int ints[], int len) { int i; for (i=0; ileft); mirror(node-right); // swap the pointers in this node temp = node-left; node-left = node-right; node-right = temp; } } 10. doubleTree() Solution (C/C++) /* For each node in a binary search tree, create a new duplicate node, and insert the duplicate as the left child of the original node. The resulting tree should still be a binary search tree. So the tree 2 / https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 15 1 3 Is changed to / 2 3 / / 1 3 / 1 */ void doubleTree(struct node* node) { struct node* oldLeft; if (node==NULL) return; // do the subtrees doubleTree(node-left); doubleTree(node-right); // duplicate this node to its left oldLeft = node-left; node-left = newNode(node-data); node-left-left = oldLeft; } 11. sameTree() Solution (C/C++) /* Given two trees, return true if they are structurally identical. */ int sameTree(struct node* a, struct node* b) { // 1. both empty - true if (a==NULL b==NULL) return(true); // 2. oth non-empty - compare them else if (a! =NULL b! =NULL) { return( a-data == b-data sameTree(a-left, b-left) sameTree(a-right, b-right) ); } // 3. one empty, one not - false else return(false); } 12. countTrees() Solution (C/C++) /* For the key values 1 numKeys, how many structurally unique https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 16 binary search tre es are possible that store those keys. Strategy: consider that each value could be the root. Recursively find the size of the left and right subtrees. */ int countTrees(int numKeys) { if (numKeys left! =NULL minValue(node-left) node-data) return(false); // false if the max of the right is right! =NULL maxValue(node-right) data) return(false); // false if, recursively, the left or right is not a BST if (! isBST(node-left) || !isBST(node-right)) return(false); // passing all that, its a BST return(true); } https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 17 4. isBST2() Solution (C/C++) /* Returns true if the given tree is a binary search tree (efficient version). */ int isBST2(struct node* node) { return(isBSTUtil(node, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)); } /* Returns true if the given tree is a BST and its values are = min and datadatamax) return(false); // otherwise check the subtrees recursively, // tightening the min or max constraint return isBSTUtil(node-left, mi n, node-data) isBSTUtil(node-right, node-data+1, max) ); } 15. TreeList Solution (C/C++) The solution code in C and Java to the great Tree-List recursion problem is in CSLibrary #109 https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/109/ Section 4 Java Binary Trees and Solutions In Java, the key points in the recursion are exactly the same as in C or C++. In fact, I created the Java solutions by just copying the C solutions, and then making the syntactic changes. The recursion is the same, however the outer structure is slightly different. In Java, we will have a BinaryTree object that contains a single root pointer. The root pointer points to an internal Node class that behaves just like the node struct in the C/C++ version. The Node class is private it is used only for internal storage inside the BinaryTree and is not exposed to clients. With this OOP structure, almost every operation has two methods: a one-line method on the BinaryTree that starts the computation, and a recursive method that works on the Node objects. For the lookup() operation, there is a BinaryTree. lookup() method that the client uses to start a lookup operation. Internal to the BinaryTree class, there is a private recursive lookup(Node) method that implements the recursion down the Node structure. This second, private recursive method is basically the same as the recursive C/C++ functions above it takes a Node argument and uses recursion to iterate over the pointer structure. Java Binary Tree Structure To get started, here are the basic definitions for the Java BinaryTree class, and the lookup() and insert() methods as examples https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 18 // BinaryTree. ava public class BinaryTree { // Root node pointer. Will be null for an empty tree. private Node root; /* Node-The binary tree is built using this nested node class. Each node stores one data element, and has left and right sub-tree pointer which may be null. The node is a du mb nested class we just use it for storage; it does not have any methods. */ private static class Node { Node left; Node right; int data; Node(int newData) { left = null; right = null; data = newData; } } /** Creates an empty binary tree a null root pointer. / public void BinaryTree() { root = null; } /** Returns true if the given target is in the binary tree. Uses a recursive helper. */ public boolean lookup(int data) { return(lookup(root, data)); } /** Recursive lookup given a node, recur down searching for the given data. */ private boolean lookup(Node node, int data) { if (node==null) { return(false); } if (data==node. data) { return(true); } else if (data false else return(false); } 12. countTrees() Solution (Java) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Binary Tree" essay for you Create order